中文:常规超声显示困难的肝细胞癌
英文:the hepatocellular carcinoma difficult to be displayed on conventional ultrasonography
上面的英文有何问题?
先回顾一条我们学过的语法原则:
在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中,如果主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,应该用主动形式表示被动含义。
比如:This problem is difficult to solve.
不说:This problem is difficult to be solved.
从语法上来说,this problem是主语,但从语义上来说,this problem是solve这个动词的被执行者,即“逻辑宾语”。
同样,在医学文章里,我们说:
This tumor is difficult to display on conventional ultrasonography.
不说:
This tumor is difficult to be displayed on conventional ultrasonography.
如果去掉上述句子中的be动词,也同样适用这一语法原则:
在“名词+形容词+不定式”的结构中,如果名词是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,应该用主动形式表示被动含义。
所以,sth difficult to be displayed应该修改为:sth difficult to display。
“常规超声显示困难的肝细胞癌 ”的正确英文表达应该是:
the hepatocellular carcinoma difficult to display on conventional ultrasonography
* 不要忘了the哦。
英文:inhibitory effect of XAV939 and cisplatin, alone or in combination, on ...
1. 这个“及”译成or更为合适,因为每次只能是两种情况中的一种:或者是单用,或者是联用;
相关阅读:否定表达中的or
2. alone or in combination 两边的逗号可有可无,不过加上逗号结构会更加清晰一些。
另外,如果中文是“A单用或与B联用”的话,则表达为:therapy A alone or in combination with therapy B,或therapy A alone or combined with therapy B。
关于两种治疗方法的联用,可以表达成:therapy A in combination with therapy B 或者 therapy A combined with therapy B。
两种疾病的合并一般不用combined with
因为combined with是combine A with B的被动语态,是人为把二者合在一块儿的意思,所以不适用于自然发生的疾病,而一般用于治疗方法的联用。
疾病的合并或并发一般用:
disease A comorbid with / with / accompanied by / complicated by disease B
并发症(complication)与合并症(comorbidity)的概念并不完全一样
complicated by来源于complication(并发症),comorbid with对应comorbidity(合并症)
并发症应有明确的因果关系,比如腹水是肝硬化的一个并发症,前者是因后者而起。
此外,并发症不仅可由某种疾病引起,还可因治疗而起,比如手术的常见并发症有出血和感染。
Complication is an unfavorable evolution or consequence of a disease, a health condition or a therapy. A new disease may also appear as a complication to a previous existing disease. A medical treatment, such as drugs or surgery, may produce adverse effects or produce new health problem(s) by itself. —— Wikipedia
合并症不一定有明确的因果关系,二者之间不一定有直接联系,但同时发生在一个病人身上。
The term "comorbid" has three definitions:
to indicate a medical condition existing simultaneously but independently with another condition in a patient (this is the older and more "correct" definition)
to indicate a medical condition in a patient that causes, is caused by, or is otherwise related to another condition in the same patient (this is a newer, nonstandard definition and less well-accepted).
to indicate two or more medical conditions existing simultaneously regardless of their causal relationship.
所以,complicated by和comorbid with(或with/accompanied by)是不完全一样的,或者说前者的使用比后者更为严格。
如果两个疾病的发生没有明确的因果关系,我们就不要用complicated by,以免引起误解。
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